The layout of the webpage on the browser side is a map-centric user interface, consisting of a self-hosted Leaflet map, a user control panel and a foldable pop-up panel. We shall subsequently present three map use cases to demonstrate the usability of the geodemographic web mapping system.
We shall firstly introduce the data sources and data pre-processing that are used in our interactive web mapping platform and then illustrate the cartographic design and implementation of the web mapping platform, focusing on map design decisions made. It aims to highlight and mitigate the effects of scale and aggregation via different ways of summarising populations for calculating segregation indices, whilst also allowing users to generate their own bespoke areas from the most widely used geographic units in the UK, which may be more consistent with underlying research hypotheses. Thus, in this paper, we create a web mapping system (see Main Map) drawing upon administrative and commercial data that have already been pre-aggregated for disclosure control purposes. There is no analytical solution to these issues, which must ultimately be addressed through a clear hypothesis formulation ( Goodchild & Longley, 2018): but where requirements of disclosure control restrict analysis to aggregations, multiscale and multiple aggregation analysis can shed light on the effects of founding analysis upon preordained and artificial building blocks. Similarly, scale issues have been explored by Fotheringham and Wong ( 1991) to describe how different spatial granularities can highlight positive, negative or no apparent relationships between statistical variables. Electoral districting provides perhaps the best known example of how purposeful ‘gerrymandered’ aggregation of electoral wards can be used to deliver partisan outcomes ( Longley et al., 2015, pp. How a spatial distribution is framed invokes issues of scale and aggregation that underpin the modifiable areal unit problem ( Openshaw, 1984). In addition, most social, economic or demographic datasets are aggregated to predefined administrative units, for reasons of disclosure control for personal and sensitive data. Output Areas) or for other administrative geographies – but not for ad-hoc areal classification. However, these systems are only designated for extracting census statistics or for aggregating other open or consumer data to standard geographies used in the UK censuses (e.g. CDRC Maps 2 and DataShine ( O'Brien & Cheshire, 2016) provide interactive mapping platforms for various demographic information and map-based research ( Smith, 2005). LuminoCit圓D 1 employs both map visualisations and infographics to explore UK urban dynamics ( Smith, 2016). Some existing web mapping tools go certain way to responding to these challenges. In this data-rich and data-driven environment there are few, if any, natural geographic units to frame policy analysis, yet increasing visual and analytic capacity to experiment with different geographic scales and aggregations, and to reconcile the areal geographies of different data sources using bespoke or hybrid geographies. Engin et al., 2020) are thus reshaping the conception, representation and analysis of geographic phenomena, creating new challenges for spatial decision support systems ( Armstrong & Densham, 1990). van Dijk & Longley, 2020) and data-driven analytics (e.g. Yue et al., 2014), methods of data visualisations (e.g. Recent years have seen a proliferation in both the number of available data sources and the range of geographic aggregations that analysts use to frame policy formulation and analysis. Our web mapping system can be employed to help geography students, policymakers and researchers better understand the underlying geodemographic structure of functional regions. Using the segregation index as an example, we demonstrate how the use of interactive maps can assist in revealing the scale-dependent nature of the index. We describe the architecture and design of the platform and its associated data processing techniques before demonstrating its value through user case scenarios. This paper introduces a web mapping system that allows users to experiment with standard and bespoke zonal schemes in the geodemographic analysis of regional patterns. In addition, regional statistics are prone to scale and aggregation effects that manifest the modifiable areal unit problem (MAUP). Challenges can arise with respect to use of areal units that are both appropriate and compatible. The analysis of spatial distributions is possible using a broad spectrum of new and existing digital data sources.
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